What is peripheral arterial disease? PAD is a circulatory condition in which the arteries that supply blood to the legs (and sometimes the arms) become narrowed or partially blocked, usually due to a buildup of fatty plaque along the artery wall. This narrowing, known as atherosclerosis, can reduce blood flow to the muscles and tissues of the lower limbs. PAD is considered part of the broader family of atherosclerotic vascular diseases that can also affect the heart and brain.
How Does PAD Develop?
PAD generally develops gradually over years as plaque made of cholesterol, calcium, and other substances accumulates inside the artery wall. As the artery narrows, less oxygen-rich blood reaches the leg muscles, especially during activity when demand increases.
In more advanced cases, an artery may become substantially or completely blocked. This process is similar to the plaque buildup that can occur in the coronary arteries of the heart, though it affects the peripheral circulation instead.
What Are Common Symptoms of PAD?
Not everyone with PAD experiences noticeable symptoms, particularly in early stages. When symptoms do occur, they may include:
- Leg pain, cramping, or fatigue during walking that improves with rest (intermittent claudication)
- Numbness or weakness in the legs or feet
- Coldness in the lower leg or foot compared to the other side
- Sores or wounds on the toes or feet that heal slowly
- Changes in skin color or shiny skin on the legs
A qualified healthcare professional should evaluate any of these symptoms, since similar signs can also stem from other conditions.
Who Is at Risk for PAD?
Commonly cited estimates suggest that a substantial proportion of adults, particularly those over age 65, may be affected by some degree of PAD, though awareness of the condition often remains low. Recognized risk factors include:
- Smoking or history of tobacco use
- Diabetes
- High blood pressure
- High cholesterol
- Older age
- Family history of vascular disease
Many of these risk factors overlap with those for coronary artery disease, which is one reason physicians often screen for PAD in patients with known cardiovascular risk.
How Is PAD Diagnosed?
Diagnosis typically begins with a physical examination and a review of symptoms and risk factors. The ankle-brachial index (ABI) is a common, non-invasive first-line test that compares blood pressure readings at the ankle and the arm. Additional imaging, such as duplex ultrasound, CT angiography, or catheter-based angiography, may be used to further characterize the location and severity of arterial narrowing.
How Is PAD Treated?
Device availability and regulatory status vary by country. Please contact INVAMED or your authorized local distributor for current regulatory information applicable to your region.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is PAD the same as coronary artery disease?
PAD and coronary artery disease share the same underlying process of atherosclerosis, but they affect different arteries — PAD involves the limbs, while coronary artery disease involves the heart. A person can have one, both, or neither condition, and physicians often evaluate overall cardiovascular risk together.
Can PAD be reversed?
PAD is generally considered a chronic, progressive condition, and treatment focuses on managing symptoms and slowing progression rather than reversing existing arterial damage. A physician can outline realistic expectations based on individual disease severity.
When should someone see a doctor about possible PAD?
Anyone experiencing leg pain with walking, non-healing foot wounds, or other symptoms described above should consult a qualified healthcare professional for evaluation. Early diagnosis may allow for a broader range of management options.
Related INVAMED Resources
- Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) Products
- Comprehensive Catheter & Guidewire Systems
- Contact INVAMED for More Information
Medical Disclaimer: This article is provided for general informational and educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment recommendation. It is not a substitute for consultation with a qualified healthcare professional. Product indications, availability, and regulatory status vary by country. Always refer to the official Instructions for Use (IFU) and consult a licensed physician for guidance specific to your situation. INVAMED devices are intended for use by trained healthcare professionals.