Pregnancy represents a unique physiological state that significantly increases the risk of developing varicose veins, with 30-40% of pregnant women experiencing this condition. The combination of hormonal changes, increased blood volume, and mechanical pressure from the growing uterus creates perfect conditions for venous insufficiency to develop or worsen. This comprehensive

Sclerotherapy remains one of the most established and versatile treatments for varicose and spider veins, offering an effective minimally invasive option with over a century of clinical use. This procedure involves injecting a specialized solution directly into affected veins, causing controlled damage that ultimately leads to their closure and reabsorption.

Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) represents a progressive medical condition affecting approximately 25-40% of adults worldwide, with prevalence increasing dramatically with age. This complex vascular disorder extends beyond simple varicose veins, encompassing a spectrum of clinical manifestations resulting from long-standing venous hypertension. This comprehensive guide explores the pathophysiology, diagnostic approaches, and

Venous ulcers represent the most severe manifestation of chronic venous insufficiency, affecting approximately 1% of the adult population and 3.6% of people over age 65. These challenging wounds account for 70-90% of all lower extremity ulcers and pose significant clinical, economic, and quality-of-life burdens. This comprehensive guide explores the pathophysiology,

The landscape of varicose vein treatment has evolved dramatically over the past decade with the emergence of non-thermal, non-tumescent (NTNT) techniques. These innovative approaches represent the latest advancement in the progressive shift toward minimally invasive varicose vein treatments, offering several potential advantages over thermal ablation methods. This comprehensive review examines

Venous stenting has emerged as a transformative intervention for patients with venous obstructive disease, offering minimally invasive treatment options for conditions previously managed conservatively or with complex open surgical procedures. The evolution of dedicated venous stents and refinement of endovascular techniques has expanded treatment possibilities for patients with both acute

Nutcracker syndrome (NCS), characterized by compression of the left renal vein between the superior mesenteric artery and the aorta, represents a challenging vascular condition that can cause significant morbidity in affected individuals. While traditionally managed conservatively or with open surgical procedures, endovascular approaches—particularly venous stenting—have emerged as minimally invasive alternatives

Inferior vena cava (IVC) filters represent an important therapeutic option in the management of venous thromboembolism (VTE), particularly for patients with contraindications to anticoagulation or those who develop recurrent pulmonary embolism (PE) despite adequate anticoagulation therapy. These small, basket-like devices are designed to trap blood clots traveling from the lower

Pulmonary embolism (PE) represents a significant healthcare challenge, with complex presentations ranging from incidental findings to life-threatening cardiovascular collapse. The heterogeneous nature of PE, combined with rapidly evolving treatment options, creates a scenario where optimal management often requires input from multiple specialties. Recognizing this need, the concept of Pulmonary Embolism